International CPTED Association - Downloadable Resources

Welcome to the ICA Downloadable Resources Section

This page will list downloadable resources for the CPTED Practitioner. If you are aware of an online resource or would like to submit something for listing please

If you utilize resources from these sources please remember to give credit to the author/publisher. Please report broken links to the office by email.

Downloadables

The Victim-Offender Overlap and Fear of In-School Victimization
Chris Melde, Michigan State University, East Lansing and Finn-Aage Esbensen University of Missouri-St. Louis

Reports of serious violence in schools have raised general awareness and concern about safety in America's schools. In this article, the authors examine the extent to which in-school victimization is associated with students' perceived risk and fear of victimization. By expanding on Ferraro's risk assessment framework, the current study explores the etiology of fear of in-school victimization using longitudinal data from 1,450 youth between the ages of 10 and 16. Along with prior literature, current findings suggest that victimization and fear are empirically distinct. By focusing educational material on the social determinates of victimization, school administrators may be able to simultaneously reduce fear among youth least likely to be victimized and instill a realistic level of fear among students most at-risk of future victimization.
Download

Social Capital, Social Control, and Changes in Victimization Rates
James Hawdon and John Ryan, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg

A neighborhood-level model of crime that connects the central dimensions of social capital with specific forms of social control is developed. The proposed model is tested using a structural equation model that predicts changes in empirical Bayes log odds of neighborhood victimization rates between 2000 and 2001 in 41 neighborhoods in South Carolina. Results support the integrated model and illustrate the importance of including direct measures of social control in neighborhood models of crime. Although the dimensions of social capital are related to private, parochial, and public controls, the relationships among these concepts are not consistent. Instead, the relationships vary in strength and direction.
Download

Civic Organizations as Political Actors Mapping and Predicting the Involvement of Civic Organizations in Neighborhood Problem-Solving and Coproduction
Herman Lelieveldt, Roosevelt Academy, Middelburg, the Netherlands - Karien Dekker, Beate Völker, René Torenvlied, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

Despite the scholarly consensus on the importance of civic organizations for the livability of neighborhoods, there are relatively few empirical studies examining to what extent these organizations engage in various forms of political participation to contribute to the quality of the neighborhood. The authors argue that to get a better overview of neighborhood-oriented forms of participation, it is necessary to look beyond those organizations with an explicit focus on the neighborhood and to include newer forms of participation such as coproduction, government-initiated plans that seek to address neighborhood issues through extensive cooperation with organizations. The authors argue that three groups of factors determine organizational participation: resources, engagement, and network position. An empirical analysis of survey data collected in 2007 from 400 organizations in eight neighborhoods in two Dutch cities shows that the impact of resources is virtually absent, whereas concern about the neighborhood and relations to pivotal organizations are positively related to participation.
Download

Measuring Community (Dis)Organizational Processes through Key Informant Analysis
Lieven Pauwels, Ghent University, Belgium and Wim Hardyns, Ghent University, Belgium

The role of community (dis)organizational processes is a major issue in contemporary criminology. As a consequence, researchers have been increasingly eager to measure community-level social mechanisms such as social trust and disorder. However, community inhabitants are predominantly used to measure community (dis)organizational processes. This approach requires large numbers of respondents to generate reliable and valid measures of social trust and disorder. In this article, the use of expert key informants is discussed as an alternative method of measuring community processes. Our findings suggest that key informants can provide reliable and valid measures of social cohesion and disorder on two rather small units of analysis.
Download

City and/or Neighbourhood Determinants? Studying Contextual Effects on Youth Delinquency
Gijs Weijters, Ministry of Justice, The Netherlands - Peer Scheepers, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands - Jan Gerris, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Previous research has not yet integrated determinants of youth delinquency at the city, neighbourhood and individual levels simultaneously. In this study we derived hypotheses from social disorganization theory at the city level as well as at the neighbourhood level. We use individual-level data from 11 cities in the Netherlands, supplemented with information about the structural characteristics of these cities and their neighbourhoods. Our results show that concentrated contextual disadvantage at both city and neighbourhood levels affects juvenile delinquency. More detailed analyses demonstrate that it is particularly the percentage of one-parent families that has a significant effect on youth delinquency. The implications for the study of the influence of ecological contexts on youth delinquency are discussed.
Download

"Does It Take a Village?" Assessing Neighborhood Influences on Children's Self-Control
Chris L. Gibson, Christopher J. Sullivan, Shayne Jones and Alex R. Piquero

Although individuals low in self-control are more likely to engage in antisocial and criminal behavior, few studies have investigated its sources. Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that primary caregivers are largely responsible, whereas Wikström and Sampson contend that self-control is partially a function of neighborhood context. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the authors assessed neighborhood effects on childrens self-control. They found significant variation in self-control between neighborhoods, but it accounted for a small amount of the total variance. In the initial model, neighborhood structural characteristics had direct effects on self-control, but after taking into account individual-level characteristics, they became nonsignificant. Furthermore, parenting variables exhibited significant and consistent effects on self-control. The authors consider the theoretical implications of the findings, address limitations, and provide suggestions for future research.
Download

Community Variations in Violence: The Role of Social Ties and Collective Efficacy in Comparative Context
Lorraine Mazerolle, Rebecca Wickes and James McBroom

This article explores the relative roles of social ties and collective efficacy in explaining community variations in violent victimization in Australia. Using data from a survey of 2,859 residents across 82 communities in the city of Brisbane, coupled with official reported crime data provided by the Queensland Police Service and Australian Bureau of Statistics census data for 2001, the authors employ multilevel statistical models to depict the relative importance of social ties and collective efficacy in predicting between-neighborhood violent victimization in an Australian context. The models include measures of social relationships and communitybased crime prevention programs, and the authors compare and contrast their findings with studies of collective efficacy in Chicago and Stockholm, finding similar results. These findings suggest that despite structural and cultural differences between the United States and Australia in particular, collective efficacy is a significant mechanism in explaining the spatial distribution of self-reported violent victimization in the Australian context. This research underscores the importance of cross-cultural theory testing and the need to further develop the measurement of ecological constructs such as social ties and organizational behavior.
Download

Civic Community, Population Change, and Violent Crime in Rural Communities
Matthew R. Lee and Shaun A. Thomas

This analysis investigates the relationships between measures of civic community, population change, and violent crime rates in rural communities. Rural communities that are civically robust are hypothesized to have lower violent crime rates and to experience less change in violent crime over time. Alternatively, sustained population change is hypothesized to elevate violent crime rates and to moderate the protective effect that civic robustness provides against violent crime over time. Results from both lagged panel and cross-sectional negative binomial regression models of county-level data support these expectations. In substantive terms, these findings suggest that civically robust communities are much better positioned to weather population change than civically weak communities, but continuous change over time compromises the protective effect that civic robustness provides against serious crime.
Download

Adolescent Graffiti Vandalism: Exploring the Root Causes
Cynthia L. Hookstra, University of La Verne La Verne, California
Download
Constructing Spatial Meaning - Spatial Affordances in Museum Design
Jean D. Wineman, University of Michigan and John Peponis, Georgia Institute of Technology Download
Urban safety, anti-social behaviour and the night-time economy
ADAM CRAWFORD AND JOHN FLINT Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, University of Leeds and Sheffield Hallam University Download
On Shape and Spaciousness
Arthur E. Stamps III, Institute of Environmental Quality

Theory suggests that having enough space is a fundamental human need and so research on how environments can be modified to increase perceived spaciousness is important. Two experiments, covering 109 participants and 30 stimuli, investigated possible effects of horizontal area and aspect ratios of recesses on judged spaciousness of streets. One experiment simulated the streets with dynamic virtual reality models in which participants could move around. The other experiment simulated the streets with three static colored images.
Download

Mobility and Territorial Belonging
Per Gustafson, Uppsala University

Much existing research assumes that there is an opposition between mobility and territorial belonging, so that mobile persons tend to have a weak sense of belonging whereas persons with a strong sense of belonging are less willing than others to move. Some studies, however, suggest that mobility may coexist with or even reinforce territorial belonging. This article uses Swedish survey data to introduce two important qualifications to this discussion. First, it shows that different kinds of mobilitydaily commuting, long-distance travel, residential mobility, and international migrationare differently related to peoples sense of belonging. Second, by examining local, regional, national, and European belonging, it shows that the relationship between mobility and belonging is to some extent a matter of territorial scale.
Download

The Effects of Alley-Gating in an English Town
John Haywood, Greater Manchester Police, UK, Paula Kautt, Loughborough University, UK, Andrew Whitaker, Greater Manchester Police, UK

Terraced housing is particularly vulnerable to burglary where the offender gains access from the rear of the premises. Alley-gating attempts to prevent this by fitting robust gates across alleyway access points and is currently used in Oldham, North West England. This study evaluates its effectiveness at preventing burglary via statistical and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of crime data from alley-gate treatment sites in Oldham. Focus group data also identify secondary effects beyond crime reduction not apparent from the quantitative analyses. We argue that clearer understanding of the contextual dynamics specific to the gated area, together with careful analytical work and use of computerized crime mapping programmes, can inform strategic decision-making and further reduce victimization.
Download

The Effect of Urban Neighborhood Disorder on Evaluations of the Police and Courts
Jane B. Sprott, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Anthony N. Doob, University of Toronto, Ontario

Are people dissatisfied with the courts as well as the police when they perceive high levels of disorder in their neighborhoods? Consistent with previous research, this study, using a representative sample of Canadian adults, demonstrates that people are significantly more negative about the police when they perceive high levels of disorder. They are not, however, more negative toward the courts when confronted with these social problems. It is possible that they have heard the police rhetoricnamely, that the police form the thin blue line between order and chaos. Although the public holds the police and the courts responsible for increasing rates of crime, victimization, and fear, they do not see the courts as being responsible for neighborhood disorder, which they see as being the sole responsibility of the police.
Download

Designing out crime in Western Australia: a case study
Paul Cozens -Designing Out Crime Research Group, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia, Michael Thorn, Department of Premier and Cabinet, Perth, Australia, and David Hillier, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, UK

The purpose of this paper is to present developments in designing out crime policy in Western Australia (WA) as a case study example, discussing the innovative designing out crime strategy, a systematic attempt at embedding such ideas within government policy.
Download

New Urbanism, Crime and the Suburbs: A Review of the Evidence, Paul Michael Cozens, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Division of Humanities, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia
Download

CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA: PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN FUTURES, P. COZENS Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia.
Download

The City of Saskatoon, Canada has developed extensive CPTED policy recently - here is a copy of the new policy
Download

Defensible Space, Community Safety, the British City and the "Active Citizen": Penetrating the Criminal Mind, Paul Cozens, David Hillier, Gwyn Prescott
Download

This past October the ICA held its biennial international conference in Calgary, Canada. With more than 14 speakers, several dozen registrants, the conference delivered an excellent mix of local, national and international experiences in the field of crime prevention and CPTED. Below are some of the presentations delivered at the conference for download.

Extreme CPTED in South Africa, Tinus Kruger, South AfricaDownload
Standards for Designing Out Crime in Europe, Dr. Guenter Stummvoll, Keel University, UKDownload
Rescue of Public Spaces, Macarea Rau, MexicoDownload
Formalizing Neighborhood Safety in a Municipal Context, Elisbeth Miller, Saskatoon, Canada Download
Partnership Success: Integrated Policing, Director Bill Bruce & Inspector Bob Ritchie, Calgary, Canada Download
SafeGrowth: A CPTED model for the 21st Century - Prof. Gregory Saville, Canada Download
Safer Communities by Designing Out Crime, Tony Lake, Brisbane, Australia Download
CPTED In The Commercial High Rise, Glen Kitteringham, Calgary, CanadaDownload
Accurate & Consistent Multi-Site Assessments, Rick Draper, Brisbane, australiaDownload
Capacity Building for local practitioners: CPTED e-learning for LAC Region, Macarena Rau, Santiago, Chile Download

Thank you to all of our speakers, volunteers and Board Members who gave so graciously of their time.

Public Awareness and Action Resulting From Sex Offender Community Notification Laws by Amy L. Anderson and Lisa L. Sample, University of Nebraska at Omaha
Download

Modeling and Measuring Individuals Mental Representations of Complex Spatio-Temporal Decision Problems by Theo A. Arentze, Eindhoven University of Technology, Benedict G. C. Dellaert, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Harry J. P. Timmermans, Eindhoven University of Technology
Download

The City of Saskatoon, Canada has developed extensive CPTED policy recently - here is a copy of the new policy
Download

Rural Hotspots - The Case of Adult Businesses, Richard McCleary, University of Califonria, Irvine
Download

In the Eye of the Impulsive Beholder, The Interaction Between Impulsivity and Perceived Informal Social Control on Offending , Shayne Jones, University of South Florida, sjones@cas.usf.edu and Donald R. Lynam, Purdue University
Substantial evidence indicates that impulsivity is a robust correlate of offending. However, its effects appear to be partially contingent upon other criminological factors, such as neighborhood context. The research examining the moderating influence of neighborhoods on the impulsivityoffending relationship has yielded inconsistent findings. The current analysis further investigates the possible interaction by exploring different types of impulsivity-related traits, perceptions of neighborhood informal social control, and their interaction among young women and men. Results indicate that thrill and adventure seeking (among men) and lack of premeditation (among men and women) exert stronger influences on offending among those who live in neighborhoods low in perceived supervision. These findings have implications for criminological theories and intervention efforts.
Download
Crime Prevention and the Science of Where People Are, Martin A. Andresen Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada and Greg W. Jenion Kwantlen University College, Surrey, BC, Canada
Download

Dealing with disorder, Social control in the post-industrial city by KATHERINE BECKETT AND STEVE HERBERT, University of Washington, USA
Download

Winnipeg Committee for Safety reference guide to follow when conducting a safety audit.
Download

Using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Problem Solving - Abstract: Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is an approach to problem solving that considers environmental conditions and the opportunities they offer for crime or other unintended and undesirable behaviors. CPTED attempts to reduce or eliminate those opportunities by using elements of the environment to (1) control access; (2) provide opportunities to see and be seen; and (3) define ownership and encourage the maintenance of territory. This guide is a resource for understanding and using crime prevention through environmental design as a problem-solving tool. The guide explains the basic principles of CPTED and outlines a process for identifying problems, evaluating the physical environment, and identifying strategies that will remove or reduce opportunities for crime.
Download

Segregation and Victimization Neighbourhood Resources, Individual Risk Factors and Exposure to Property Crime, Felipe Estrada National Council for Crime Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden Anders Nilsson, Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
Download
Residence Hall Architecture and Sense of Community - Everything Old Is New Again by Ann Sloan Devlin, Sarah Donovan, Arianne Nicolov, Olivia Nold and Gabrielle Zandan, Connecticut College
Download
Nonpermanent Residents, Place Attachment, and Sea Change Communities, Gail Kelly, Bureau of Rural Sciences, Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and Karin Hosking, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Sustainable Ecosystems
Download
Association Between Physical Environment of Secondary Schools and Student Problem Behavior, A National Study, 2000-2003 by Revathy Kumar, University of Toledo and University of Michigan and Patrick M. OMalley, Lloyd D. Johnston, University of Michigan
Download
Does Main Street Promote Sense of Community? A Comparison of San Francisco Neighborhoods by Rocco Pendola, University of California, Irvine and Sheldon Gen, San Francisco State University
Download
Original paper describing SafeGrowth: A New Way Forward. Presented at the United Nations Urban Habitat forum in Santiago, Chile and also the 2007 Canadian Institute of Planners convention.
Download
Non-residential Crime Attractors and Generators Elevate Perceived Neighborhood Crimeand Incivilities - Temple University
Download
2ND GENERATION CPTED: An Antidote to the Social Y2K Virus of Urban Design
Download
Bexley Town Security Project - Executive Summary & Final Report
Download
Listen to a radio Interview from 2004 with Exec. Director Barry Davidson as he discusses CPTED residential applications.
Download
CPTED: Past, Present and Future by C. Ray Jeffery from ICA Mississauga Conference. Download
A Sample CPTED Report - 1997 Mike Sheard's Arcade CPTED Award Winning Project. Download

Implementing CPTED in Residential Neighborhoods Study - National Institute of Justice, 1997, Download

CPTED Liability Article 1996 - National Institute of JusticeDownload

Oscar Newman's 1996 Defensible Space publication - US Dept of Housing and Urban Development. Download

Safety Audit Checklist - Victoria, British Columbia. Download

European Journal of Criminology, Vol. 4, No. 1, 109-128 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/1477370807071733
© 2007 European Society of Criminology, SAGE Publications
Assessing the Regulation of Private Security across Europe

Mark Button, University of Portsmouth, UK

The importance and expansion of the role of private security officers in policing have led many countries to introduce special legislation to govern them. Many industrialized countries have a long history of such measures. The structures and standards introduced, however, have varied significantly. In North America generally minimal standards have been mandated that centre on character. In many European countries, by contrast, standards have been comprehensive, sometimes including hundreds of hours of mandatory training. In England and Wales, however, it was only in 2001 that such legal intervention was finally introduced, and the system that has begun to unfold has caused much debate on its effectiveness. Significant sectors have been excluded, and comprehensive standards of regulation have been rejected for an approach barely above North American standards of governance. This paper will examine the emerging English system of legal control. It will compare some of its features with those of other European countries and produce a league table from this. Reference will also be made to North America and Australia. It will be argued that the system to be introduced for security guards in England and Wales falls below European norms and needs to be more demanding if the performance and accountability of the industry are to be enhanced and the industry is to play the expanding role in policing that many increasingly expect.

Potty Parity in Perspective: Gender and Family Issues in Planning and Designing Public Restrooms Download

A short resource how-to from the ICA International Chair, Diane Zahm Download

Understanding and Preventing Car Theft (Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 17)
Michael G. Maxfield and Ronald V. Clarke, eds.
(Paperback)
2004, 256 pages
ISBN: 1-881798-53-4
$42.50

Thefts of and from autos are among the most commonly reported crimes, and they account for the highest losses among property crimes that target individuals (except for arson). But according to this new book, recent initiatives in the U.S., Europe and Australia have proven effective or are showing promise in preventing car theft.

In addition to Michael G. Maxfield's introduction, the chapter topics include: (1) the U.K. Car Theft Index (by Gloria Laycock); (2) preventing vehicle crime in Australia through public-private parterships and national collaboration (by Ray Carroll); (3) improved vehicle licensing and registration systems in the U.K. (by Barry Webb, Melissa Smith and Gloria Laycock); (4) reduction of abuses involving temporary license tags in North Carolina (by Matthew White and Charles W. Dean); (5) the impact of electronic immbolizers (by Rich Brown); (6) measures to enhance parking lot security (by Pat Mayhew and Greg Braun); (7) action implications of crime analyses involving parking lot auto thefts in Chula Vista, California (by Nancy Plouffe and Rana Sampson); (8) police intelligence and the theft of vehicles for export from the U.K. (by Rick Brown and Ronald V. Clarke); (9) publicity campaigns and car crime prevention (by Emmanuel Barthe); and (10) the history of car safety improvements compared to enhanced car security in the U.S. (Graeme R. Newman).

George L. Kelling and Michael L. Wagers of the Police Institute at Rutgers University state in the Foreword that "analyzing problems and collaboration are the future of criminal justice. This volume on understanding and preventing car theft offers a glimpse of that future, illustrating what can be gained through collaborative problem solving across sectors and jurisdictions."

From a review by Martin Wright in Professional Security magazine (Feb. 2005): "...this is a very valuable publication that has certainly raised a number of wide ranging thoughts within the mind of this reviewer. If a book is to be assessed by its ability to make one think, then this publication is worth its weight in gold."

Evidence about CPTED and crime - Paul Cozen's paper for the Australian Institute of Criminology 2005Download

Apartment Crime - Eric McCord's paper at 2005 ICA Conference, Santiago, Chile Download

Community Capacity Building Download

Creating Defensible Space Download

Gang Homicides - Designing Out Download

Graffiti prevention Download

Liability and CPTED Download

Parking Facilities and CPTED Download

Physical Environment and Crime Download

Street Robberies - Tactics to Prevent Download

Subway Crime and CPTED - Nancy LaVigne's paper to the annual ICA Conference, Washington, DC 1998Download

CPTED News

March 2010

Mark Your Calendars for the 11th International CPTED Association Conference

Feb 3, 2010

Guidebooks for Practitioners Released!

Feb 5, 2010

How to find a safe neighborhood

Suggested Reading Materials

Contact The ICA:

Welcome to the ICA Downloadable Resources Section

Downloadables

Thank you to all of our speakers, volunteers and Board Members who gave so graciously of their time.

Assessing the Regulation of Private Security across Europe

Understanding and Preventing Car Theft (Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 17)